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Introduction to Bioelectricity Full

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"Level Advance" Introduction to Bioelectricity It can be said that the use of electricity by biological systems as a signal between the nerves and muscles was first discovered in 1789 in a frog leg when the Italian physicist Luigi Galvani touched an exposed sciatic nerve with a charged metal scalpel and observed the dead frog’s leg flex as if it were alive. This finding provided the basis for the current understanding that electrical energy is the impetus behind muscle movement and also the driving force in other systems. This work was reported in the Proceedings of the Bologna Academy in 1791. At that time, Galvani believed that the muscular contractions were due to electrical energy emanating from the animal. However, Allesandro Volta was convinced that the electricity in Galvani’s experiments originated from the presence of dissimilar metals. Both of these interpretations represent the two different aspects of electrical potential in a biological system, the action poten...
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Pheromones In Animals

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  Pheromones Pheromones are invisible chemical signals between members of the same species. This is probably the most common mode of communication in the animal kingdom. The discovery of pheromones We meet references to the existence of pheromones from very ancient times. The ancient Greeks were familiar with the invisible signals that dogs emit during estrus and that males feel. They knew that if the female's secretions were placed on a towel, the male would follow the towel. It's not the sound the females made, it's the smell. The problem is that the number of pheromones is very small, and most people are not able to smell such signals between animals. Only in the 1950s, after twenty years of work by a group of chemists led by Adolf Butenandt, who received the Nobel Prize for his work on human molecules - steroids, was a paper published with the chemical definition of the first pheromone. It was bombykol, the female sex pheromone of the silkworm.      How Pheromone...
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Chemical Signaling

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Chemical Signaling The primary means by which cell-to-cell communication, as well as homeostasis in multicellular organisms, occurs, involves protein receptors by receiving cells. Chemical signaling can involve small molecules (ligands) or large molecules (cell-surface signaling proteins). Read More: What is signaling in biology? Chemical signaling and orientation The chemicals used in the bee signaling and orientation system can be divided into two groups. The first includes those that are secreted by the bees themselves, the second - natural odorous substances that are part of food and propolis, as well as the secretions of enemies of bees. Both of them are used by bees to coordinate many behavioral acts, the understanding of which is impossible without an analysis of the role of chemical signals. Example: {In chemical signaling, a cell may target itself (autocrine signaling), a cell connected by gap junctions or plasmodesmata (direct signaling), a nearby cell (paracrine signaling), ...
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